---
url: /indicators/tema.md
description: >-
  Created by Patrick G. Mulloy, the Triple Exponential Moving Average is a
  faster multi-smoothed moving average. TEMA is often confused with the
  alternative TRIX oscillator.
package: FacioQuo.Stock.Indicators
docs_version: v3
canonical: https://dotnet.stockindicators.dev/indicators/tema
generated: 2026-09-30T04:41:06.055Z
commit: ae1f432eaa0b03ae9f39e032c69434b557efa4a2
---

# Triple Exponential Moving Average (TEMA)

Created by Patrick G. Mulloy, the [Triple exponential moving average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_exponential_moving_average) is a faster multi-smoothed EMA of the price over a lookback window.
[\[Discuss\] 💬](https://github.com/facioquo/stock-indicators-dotnet/discussions/808 "Community discussion about this indicator")

```csharp
// C# usage syntax
IReadOnlyList<TemaResult> results =
  bars.ToTema(lookbackPeriods);
```

## Parameters

| param | type | description |
| ----- | ---- | ----------- |
| `lookbackPeriods` | *`int`* | Number of periods (`N`) in the moving average.  Must be greater than 0. |

### Historical price bars requirements

You must have at least `N` periods of `bars` to produce any TEMA values.  However, due to the nature of the smoothing technique, we recommend you use at least `3×N+250` data points prior to the intended usage date for better precision.  See [warmup and convergence](https://github.com/facioquo/stock-indicators-dotnet/discussions/688) guidance for more information.

`bars` is a collection of generic `TBar` historical price bars.  It should have a consistent frequency (day, hour, minute, etc).  See [the Guide](/guide/getting-started.md#historical-bars) for more information.

## Response

```csharp
IReadOnlyList<TemaResult>
```

* This method returns a time series of all available indicator values for the `bars` provided.
* It always returns the same number of elements as there are in the historical price bars.
* It does not return a single incremental indicator value.
* The first `N-1` periods will have `null` values since there's not enough data to calculate.  Also note that we are using the proper [weighted variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_exponential_moving_average) for TEMA.  If you prefer the unweighted raw 3 EMAs value, please use the `Ema3` output from the [TRIX](/indicators/trix.md) oscillator instead.

**Example for TEMA(20)**:

```text
Period 1-19:  null values (incalculable)
Period 20:    first TEMA value (may have convergence issues)
Period 160+:  fully converged, reliable values
```

> ⓘ **Incalculable periods**: The first `N-1` periods will have `null` values since there's not enough data to calculate.

> [!WARNING]
> **🚩 ⚞ Convergence warning**
>
> The first `3×N+100` periods will have decreasing magnitude, convergence-related precision errors that can be as high as ~5% deviation in indicator values for earlier periods.  Use the `.RemoveWarmupPeriods()` method to remove these potentially unreliable values.

### `TemaResult`

| property | type | description |
| -------- | ---- | ----------- |
| `Timestamp` | *`DateTime`* | Date from evaluated `TBar` |
| `Tema` | *`double`* | Triple exponential moving average |

### Utilities

* [.Condense()](/utilities/results.md#condense)
* [.Find(lookupDate)](/utilities/results.md#find-by-date)
* [.RemoveWarmupPeriods()](/utilities/results.md#remove-warmup-periods)
* [.RemoveWarmupPeriods(removePeriods)](/utilities/results.md#remove-warmup-periods)

See [Utilities and helpers](/utilities.md) for more information.

## Chaining

This indicator may be generated from any chain-enabled indicator or method.

```csharp
// example
var results = bars
    .Use(CandlePart.HL2)
    .ToTema(..);
```

Results can be further processed on `Tema` with additional chain-enabled indicators.

```csharp
// example
var results = bars
    .ToTema(..)
    .ToRsi(..);
```

See [Chaining indicators](/guide/chaining.md) for more.

## Streaming

Use the buffer-style `List<T>` when you need incremental calculations without a hub:

```csharp
TemaList temaList = new(lookbackPeriods);

foreach (IBar bar in bars)  // simulating stream
{
  temaList.Add(bar);
}

// based on `ICollection<TemaResult>`
IReadOnlyList<TemaResult> results = temaList;
```

Subscribe to a `BarHub` for advanced streaming scenarios:

```csharp
BarHub barHub = new();
TemaHub observer = barHub.ToTemaHub(lookbackPeriods);

foreach (IBar bar in bars)  // simulating stream
{
  barHub.Add(bar);
}

IReadOnlyList<TemaResult> results = observer.Results;
```

See [Buffer lists](/guide/styles/buffer.md) and [Stream hubs](/guide/styles/stream.md) for full usage guides.