---
url: /indicators/epma.md
description: >-
  Endpoint Moving Average (EPMA), also known as Least Squares Moving Average
  (LSMA), plots the projected last point of a defined retrospective linear
  regression.
package: FacioQuo.Stock.Indicators
docs_version: v3
canonical: https://dotnet.stockindicators.dev/indicators/epma
generated: 2026-09-30T04:41:06.055Z
commit: ae1f432eaa0b03ae9f39e032c69434b557efa4a2
---

# Endpoint Moving Average (EPMA)

Endpoint Moving Average (EPMA), also known as Least Squares Moving Average (LSMA), plots the projected last point of a defined retrospective linear regression.
[\[Discuss\] 💬](https://github.com/facioquo/stock-indicators-dotnet/discussions/371 "Community discussion about this indicator")

```csharp
// C# usage syntax
IReadOnlyList<EpmaResult> results =
  bars.ToEpma(lookbackPeriods);
```

## Parameters

| param | type | description |
| ----- | ---- | ----------- |
| `lookbackPeriods` | *`int`* | Number of periods (`N`) in the moving average.  Must be greater than 0. |

### Historical price bars requirements

You must have at least `N` periods of `bars` to cover the warmup periods.

`bars` is a collection of generic `TBar` historical price bars.  It should have a consistent frequency (day, hour, minute, etc).  See [the Guide](/guide/getting-started.md#historical-bars) for more information.

## Response

```csharp
IReadOnlyList<EpmaResult>
```

* This method returns a time series of all available indicator values for the `bars` provided.
* It always returns the same number of elements as there are in the historical price bars.
* It does not return a single incremental indicator value.
* The first `N-1` periods will have `null` values since there's not enough data to calculate.

### `EpmaResult`

| property | type | description |
| -------- | ---- | ----------- |
| `Timestamp` | *`DateTime`* | Date from evaluated `TBar` |
| `Epma` | *`double`* | Endpoint moving average |

### Utilities

* [.Condense()](/utilities/results.md#condense)
* [.Find(lookupDate)](/utilities/results.md#find-by-date)
* [.RemoveWarmupPeriods()](/utilities/results.md#remove-warmup-periods)
* [.RemoveWarmupPeriods(removePeriods)](/utilities/results.md#remove-warmup-periods)

See [Utilities and helpers](/utilities.md) for more information.

## Chaining

This indicator may be generated from any chain-enabled indicator or method.

```csharp
// example
var results = bars
    .Use(CandlePart.HL2)
    .ToEpma(..);
```

Results can be further processed on `Epma` with additional chain-enabled indicators.

```csharp
// example
var results = bars
    .ToEpma(..)
    .ToRsi(..);
```

See [Chaining indicators](/guide/chaining.md) for more.

## Streaming

Use the buffer-style `List<T>` when you need incremental calculations without a hub:

```csharp
EpmaList epmaList = new(lookbackPeriods);

foreach (IBar bar in bars)  // simulating stream
{
  epmaList.Add(bar);
}

// based on `ICollection<EpmaResult>`
IReadOnlyList<EpmaResult> results = epmaList;
```

Subscribe to a `BarHub` for advanced streaming scenarios:

```csharp
BarHub barHub = new();
EpmaHub observer = barHub.ToEpmaHub(lookbackPeriods);

foreach (IBar bar in bars)  // simulating stream
{
  barHub.Add(bar);
}

IReadOnlyList<EpmaResult> results = observer.Results;
```

See [Buffer lists](/guide/styles/buffer.md) and [Stream hubs](/guide/styles/stream.md) for full usage guides.